Laws of Form is a book by G. Spencer-Brown, published in 1969, that straddles the boundary between mathematics and philosophy - wikipedia ![]()
LoF describes three distinct logical systems:
- The primary arithmetic (described in Chapter 4 of LoF), whose models include Boolean arithmetic;
- The primary algebra (Chapter 6 of LoF), whose models include the two-element Boolean algebra (hereinafter abbreviated 2), Boolean logic, and the classical propositional calculus;
- Equations of the second degree (Chapter 11), whose interpretations include finite automata and Alonzo Church's Restricted Recursive Arithmetic (RRA).
The mathematics fills only about 55pp and is rather elementary. But LoF's mystical and declamatory prose, and its love of paradox, make it a challenging read for all. Spencer-Brown was influenced by Wittgenstein and R. D. Laing. LoF also echoes a number of themes from the writings of Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, and Alfred North Whitehead. The entire book is written in an operational way, giving instructions to the reader instead of telling him what is. In accordance with G. Spencer-Brown's interest in paradoxes, the only sentence that makes a statement that something is, is the statement, which says no such statements are used in this book. Except for this one sentence the book can be seen as an example of E-Prime.
Boundary algebra is Dr Philip Meguire's (2011) term for the union of the primary algebra and the primary arithmetic.